Outside, externally. This is still used in the names of some civil parishes in England, e.g. St Cuthbert Without.
Lacking something.
Being from a large, poor family, he learned to live without.
In prostitution: without a condom being worn.
Outside of, beyond.
The snow was swirling without the cottage, but it was warm within.
Not having, containing, characteristic of, etc.
It was a mistake to leave my house without a coat.
Not doing or not having done something.
He likes to eat everything without sharing.
Unless, except (introducing a clause).