What an enzyme acts upon.
A surface on which an organism grows, or to which an organism or an item is attached.
The rock surface of a rockpool is the substrate for a sessile organism such as a limpet.
An underlying layer; a substratum.
A language that is replaced in a population by another language and that influences the language imposed on its speakers.
(plating) A metal which is plated with another metal which has different physical properties.
A surface to which a substance adheres.
The substance lining the bottom edge of an enclosure.
Stream substrate affects fish longevity.
To strew or lay under.
Having very slight furrows.